PL1101E Introduction to Psychology

This module introduces psychology as an empirical, behavioural science. The aim is to provide students with a broad overview of the different fields in psychology. The emphasis of the course is two-fold: first, so that students appreciate the diversity and richness of the psychology discipline; second, to acquaint students with the important principles, theories, concepts and findings in psychology. Topics covered include the biological bases of behaviours, developmental psychology, social psychology, cognitive psychology, and abnormal psychology.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 2-1-0-0-7
Prerequisite(s): Nil
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3240 Group Dynamics

This module is built around applications of theoretical and experimental psychology to group processes. The psychological processes underlying human interactions in groups are the principal foci. Topics included are group formation, development of group structure, formulation of group goals, team building, leadership and power within groups, conflicts, group decision-making, and group changes. Psychological tools and skills relevant for research in field settings are also examined.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 2-1-0-2-5
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E and PL3235
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3241 Personality & Individual Differences

This module introduces students to research on personality and individual differences. The main theories and measurement of related constructs will be discussed with an emphasis on normal, rather than abnormal, populations. Topics covered may include personality traits, motivational constructs, cognitive ability constructs and cognitive styles. Reference will also be made to some current applications such as personnel selection.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 2-1-0-2-5
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E and PL2131
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3242 Health Psychology

This module explores the role of psychological factors in physical health. Topics covered may include the relationship of mind and body, the role of human behaviour in health, stress and coping as they relate to health, the nature of illness, patient-practitioner relations, chronic illness and disability, death and dying, and the relationship of psychology to such important health problems as AIDS, cancer, heart disease and pain.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 2-1-0-3-4
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3243 Sensation and Perception

The aim of the module is to introduce students to the basic methods of vision science, and to fundamental aspects of, and current research in, sensation and perception. The methods part of the course introduces the student to both classical and modern psychophysical methods, as well as the basic concepts of fourier analysis. The content part examines aspects of sensory psychology, with emphases on vision and audition. We will trace an arc that starts from a consideration of neural processing, and ends with the representation of the perceptual world in the brain.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 2-1-0-2-5
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E and PL3233
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3244 Adolescent Psychology

Adolescence is a period of many transitions. This module will explore some of these transitions, ranging from the physical changes related to puberty to the psychological processes of identity formation to the social challenges of negotiating new patterns of relationships with family and peers.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 2-1-0-2-5
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E and PL3234
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3248 Learning and Conditioning

Learning is a fundamental area of psychology and everyday life. This module focuses on how humans and other animals learn information, for example associations between different stimuli in their environment, or between their actions and the outcomes of those actions. The concepts of classical (Pavlovian) conditioning and instrumental (operant) conditioning will be introduced, alongside various learning phenomena (e.g. acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, overshadowing, blocking, sensory preconditioning, latent inhibition). While some mathematical learning theories such as the Rescorla-Wagner model will be discussed, an effort will be made to relate these more abstract concepts to adaptive everyday life functioning as well as clinical issues such as anxiety disorders, addiction and behavioural therapy.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 2-1-0-0-7
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132, and PL3232 or PL3233
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3249 Memory

The course will examine contemporary theories of human memory. Topics range from sensory memory all the way to long-term memory. Evidence for different types of memory systems such as episodic, generic, implicit, and procedural will be discussed. Biological and developmental bases for human memory will also be covered. The course will use these topics to explore the link between research, theory, and data on human memory.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 2-1-0-2-5
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E, PL3232 and PL3233
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL2131 Research and Statistical Methods I

This module is aimed at equipping students with the critical thinking and analytical skills necessary as a foundation for evaluating or carrying out empirical research in psychology. It is an essential module for psychology major students. It consists of two sections: the first deals with the design of psychological research; the second covers basic descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. Students will be taught how to design their own empirical study, to carry out appropriate statistical analyses on the data collected so as to draw valid conclusions, and how to write up their findings. Ethical aspects of psychological research are covered.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 2-0-1-1-6
Prerequisite(s): Obtained a minimum grade of ‘C6’ in G.C.E. 'O' level Mathematics or equivalent.
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL2132 Research and Statistical Methods II

This module builds on the methodological and statistical base prepared by PL2131. An essential module for psychology major students, it aims to provide knowledge and experience in conducting a psychological study. Methods of data collection in laboratory and field settings are taught alongside commonly-used statistical techniques for data analysis. Students are introduced to issues of design and analysis in factorial experiments and correlational studies. Students also do experiments in class and learn the use of computer statistical packages for data analysis. A group empirical project is required.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 2-0-2-4-2
Prerequisite(s):
Cohort 2008-09 and earlier: PL1101E and PL2131
Cohort 2009-10 onwards: At least a B- in both PL1101E and PL2131. Students who fail to meet the B- criterion in either of the modules, or both, will have the opportunity to take a department-conducted test, which will act as an alternative prerequisite.
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3231 Independent Research Project

This module allows students to undertake an individual research project under staff supervision. Students wishing to read this module are advised to obtain additional details from the Department.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 0-0-0-10-0
Pre-requisite(s): PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132 and consent of Supervisor. Students must have obtained at least a ‘C’ grade in one of the prerequisite modules.
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3232 Biological Psychology

This course provides a general one-semester introduction to the relationship between brain and behaviour. Although no background knowledge is assumed other than from the introductory psychology course, those with an interest in biological bases of behaviour or neuroscience will be advantaged. The course is intended primarily for students doing a single major in Psychology, and is designed as an introduction to those wishing to pursue advanced courses in Cognitive Neuroscience (PL3285 & PL4206). The course will focus on key questions asked about the brain, such as: How is the brain organised? How do drugs affect our behaviour? How does the brain see, hear and produce movement? How does it learn and think? Clinical topics, such as Parkinson's Disease and schizophrenia will be integrated into the course, as will fMRI research methods and findings. Emphasis will be given to the key principles of nervous system function, however, the course still requires a lot of factual information to be assimilated and memorized.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 2-2-0-0-6
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3233 Cognitive Psychology

This module deals with the psychological study of human information processing; learning and memory; acquisition, retrieval, and forgetting; and general knowledge, concepts, reasoning, and related issues in cognition. The impact of computational approaches on cognition is considered.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 2-1-0-2-5
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3234 Developmental Psychology

This module is primarily for psychology major students, for whom it is a core area. It aims to provide an overview of the major issues in developmental psychology, with a main focus on infancy and childhood. The development of individual differences is reviewed. Stage and process theories of cognitive, social and linguistic development are evaluated. The extent to which research findings have pan-cultural and local application is considered throughout the course. The importance of empirical research is stressed, and students are recommended to take PL2131 before taking this module.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 2-1-0-2-5
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3235 Social Psychology

This course provides a broad foundation for the study of human social behaviour. Topics such as attitudes, social cognition, interpersonal relations and group processes are discussed. One aim of this course is to introduce students to the theories and research of social psychology. A second aim is to help students appreciate how the findings of social psychologists are relevant and applicable to the day-to-day situations in our lives.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 2-1-0-3-4
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3236 Abnormal Psychology

This core module covers most of the common mental health problems identified for children and adults, e.g. eating disorders, behavioural problems, attention deficits, learning disabilities, schizophrenia, anxiety, stress, depression, personality disorders, sexual adjustment, substance abuse, suicide, and dementia. The lectures and discussion groups provide an introduction to clinical intervention, but emphasis is placed on the theoretical formulation of problems. Whenever possible, films and case studies are used to supplement the textbook and readings, and a visit to the local Institute of Mental Health will usually be arranged.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 2-1-0-1-6
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3237 Language & Cognitive Processes

This module covers aspects of current research in the fields of psycholinguistics, cognitive psychology and cognitive neuropsychology. Reading material is supplemented with local case studies to facilitate discussion of issues relevant to language and cognition in multilingual populations. Lectures, tutorials and workshops will include the following topics: brain-language relationships and levels of explanation; emergence of literacy skills; acquired and developmental disorders of spoken language; cognitive analyses of normal and abnormal reading; bilingualism; writing systems and biscriptal reading.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 2-1-0-1-6
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3239 Industrial and Organisational Psychology

This module is intended to expose students to applications of the facts and principles of scientific psychology to industrial and organisational settings. Topics include the structure and function of organisations; selection and training; management of efficiency (motivation, working conditions, and coping attitudes); and group processes in organisations. Lectures build the knowledge base of the students; case discussions encourage applications of their knowledge.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 2-1-0-0-7
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E, PL2131 and PL2132
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3238 Social Cognition

Social Cognition uses cognitive processes to explain how people think and behave in the social world. It operates on the assumption that interpersonal behaviour is cognitively mediated in that social interactions are determined by what we know and believe about ourselves, other people, and the situations in which we encounter them. Topics to be covered include person perception, person memory, social categorisation, social judgment, unconscious processes, motivation and emotion, and the development of social cognition.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 2-1-0-0-7
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132 and PL3235
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3250 Human Performance

This module concerns the application of experimental psychology research to the improvement of human-machine/ environment interactions. This is not designed as a "cookbook" module where the principles of good human factors are merely enumerated. Rather, the emphasis will be placed on the theoretical principles underlying information processing and human performance. The topics include: signal detection and information theory; attention; spatial displays; navigation; memory and training; selection of action, manual control; time-sharing and workload; and the effects of stress on human error.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 2-1-0-3-4
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E and PL3233
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3251 Atypical Development and Language

In this module, we will focus on areas of development in infants and young children: these include cognitive, language, and emotional development. This module aims to give students who are interested in child development a chance to examine in further depth aspects of child development, as well as some areas of atypical development. In particular, we will explore how current research informs our understanding of normal development in infants and children. Topics covered include developmental disorders such as autism, atypical language such as speech language impairment and aspects of parent-child attachment.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 2-1-0-1-6
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E and PL3234
Preclusion(s): PL3880A
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3252 Social-Cognitive Perspectives on Emotion

This module offers an exploration of current social-cognitive research on emotions. Emotions are complex, multiply-determined states that influence our experiences, biochemistry, thinking, actions, relationships, motivations, and behaviours, as well as our health. Topics to be covered in this module include ‘what is the nature of emotion?’, ‘what functions, if any, do specific emotions serve?’, ‘what are their antecedents and their consequences?’, among others. The discussion of emotion will stretch across various sub-disciplines in psychology, such as developmental psychology, biological psychology, social and personality psychology, cognitive neuroscience, social-cognition, cross-cultural psychology and evolutionary psychology.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 2-1-0-2-5
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E and PL3235
Preclusion(s): PL3880B
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3253 Psychobiological Perspectives on Emotion

The course will provide an overview of past and current theories on how emotions are implemented in the brain and how they interact with cognitive, behavioural and psychophysiological systems. In accord with current insights, individual emotion systems including happiness, anger, fear, and disgust will be introduced and potential dysfunctions of these systems in relation to psychological and psychiatric disorders will be discussed. The knowledge provided in this course will be applicable to other areas of psychology including but not limited to clinical, social, industrial/organisational and experimental psychology.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 2-1-0-2-5
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132 and PL3232
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3254 Introduction to Trauma Psychology

This module provides an overview of current psychological theories and research in the understanding of abnormal and maladaptive human responses to psychological trauma and life adversities. Topics include self-mutilation, suicide, pathological grief, acute stress reactions, and post-traumatic stress disorders resulting from interpersonal and family violence, sexual victimization, traumatic loss and death, disaster, and other critical life events. Resilience and post-traumatic growth in the face of life challenges will also be discussed. This module has a special focus on cultural and gender issues in relation to human traumatic stress reactions and resilient functioning.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 2-1-0-1-6
Prerequisite(s): PL3236
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3255 Introduction to Paediatric Psychology

This course is an intermediate level course in child psychology. It is intended to build greater understanding of the interface between child psychology and medicine, with a focus on how illness can affect development in children. The impact of acute and chronic illness on children transcends their physical health and this course is aimed at teaching students about distinct neuropsycholoigical, emotional, interpersonal and daily living issues that emerge for children who become ill.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 2-1-0-2-5
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132 and PL3234
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3281 Lab in Cognitive Psychology

Students will be introduced to the different methodologies used in cognitive research such as classical psychophysics, signal detection theory, reaction time paradigms, judgment tasks, similarity ratings, memory measures, and psycholinguistic methods. Selected topics on perception, attention, memory, categorisation, language, problem solving, and decision making will be used to illustrate these methods. Students will work in small groups to design and conduct an experiment using these methodologies and submit individual research reports. Prior background and interest in cognitive psychology will be very helpful.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 0-1-2-5-2
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132 and PL3233
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3281A Lab in Perception and Attention

The focus of this lab will be perception and attention. Students will be introduced to the different methodologies used in cognitive research such as classical psychophysics, signal detection theory, and reaction time paradigms. Selected topics on perception and attention will be used to illustrate these methods.
Please approach the department if you require clarifications on your eligibility to read this module.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 0-1-2-5-2
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132 and PL3233
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3281B Lab in Memory and Cognition

Students will be introduced to the different methodologies for assessing memory performance such as simple and complex memory spans, direct and indirect tests of memory. Selected techniques in manipulating encoding and studying retrieval in short-term memory, working memory, and long-term memory will be covered. Students will work in small groups to design and conduct an experiment using these methodologies and submit individual research reports. Prior background and interest in cognitive psychology will be very helpful.
Please approach the department if you require clarifications on your eligibility to read this module.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 0-1-2-5-2
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132 and PL3233
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3281C Lab in Reading Processes

This module extends students' experience of laboratory work to the fields of cognitive psychology and psycholinguistics. On a general level, students will learn about the principles of experimental design, ethics appraisal, data collection, and statistical analysis. More specifically, students will identify a research question, conduct their own experiment, and write up a laboratory report on topics relevant to models of word recognition and reading.
Please approach the department if you require clarifications on your eligibility to read this module.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 0-1-2-5-2
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132 and PL3233
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3282 Lab in Social Psychology

This laboratory is intended to expose students majoring in psychology with both correlational and experimental approaches to research on how people feel, think, and act in relation to others. Studies will include topics such as attitudes and social cognition (e.g., beliefs, attitudes and values, social influence, attribution and impression formation) and interpersonal and group relations (e.g. aggression, altruism, attraction, prejudice and discrimination, followers and leaders). Both laboratory and field methods of testing hypotheses will be covered. Importance of using personality and culture of people as moderators of their social behaviours will be emphasised.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 0-1-2-5-2
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132 and PL3235
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3282A Lab in Interpersonal Relationships

This first half of the module will explicate different methods and paradigms in social psychology with interpersonal relationships studies. The design aims to provide students a broad overview of methodologies as well as a deeper understanding of the important issues in interpersonal relationship research. In the second half of the module, students would carry out group projects, applying their knowledge to conducting a research study. They will have hands-on experiences at different research stages, from how a research study is formulated, crystallised and carried out to data analysis, results presentation and writing-up.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 0-1-2-5-2
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132 and PL3235
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3282B Lab in Person and Group Cognition

This laboratory is intended to train students majoring in psychology in the experimental analyses of people’s cognition of persons and groups. After initial reading-based sessions on measurement, scales, and experimental procedures, students will plan a project on impression formation, interpersonal attraction, or group cognition, perform the experiments to test the hypotheses, analyse the data, and prepare a report.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 0-1-2-5-2
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132 and PL3235
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3282C Lab in Attitudes

This first half of the module will explicate different methods and paradigms in social psychology with attitudes and persuasion studies. The course aims to provide students with a broad overview of methodologies as well as a deeper understanding of the important issues in attitudes research at the same time. For the second half of the module, students will carry out group projects, applying their knowledge to conducting research. They will have hands-on experiences at different research stages, from how a research question is formulated, operationalized and investigated, to data analysis, result presentation and writing-up.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 0-1-2-5-2
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132 and PL3235
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3283 Lab in Developmental Psychology

This lab module will give students a practical introduction to methods and techniques in developmental psychology. The exact age range and techniques targeted may vary from infancy to adolescence to the aged depending on the instructor and the availability of participants. The aim is to cover essential ethical, theoretical, methodological, and practical issues of importance when conducting research. Observational and experimental methods will be covered, and basic techniques and tools of developmental assessment will be introduced. Target students are single psychology majors, especially those who are also reading or intending to read theoretical courses in Developmental Psychology.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 0-1-2-5-2
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132 and PL3234
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3283A Lab in Adolescent Psychology

This module seeks to give students a practical introduction to some of the concepts, methods, and techniques used in research involving adolescents. The aim of the module is to cover essential conceptual, methodological, ethical, and practical issues of importance when conducting research on adolescents, especially in Singapore.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 0-1-2-5-2
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132, PL3234 and PL3244
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3283B Lab in Development of Communication

This lab module will introduce to students linguistic and non-linguistic ways of human communication from psycholinguistic perspectives. It addresses the following issues: 1) How do speakers communicate? 2) How do they modify the ways of communication to accommodate different circumstances? 3) When and how do children develop different ways of communication? 4) Are their cross-linguistic differences in ways of communication? 5) How do communication-impaired adults and children incorporate other modalities to communicate? Theoretical and empirical issues will be discussed. Students will also be conducting scientific studies to examine latest issues of human communication.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 0-1-2-5-2
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132, and PL3234
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3284 Lab in Applied Psychology

This module is designed to provide psychology majors with hands-on experience using research designs and methods commonly used in applied psychology such as health, engineering, education, and industrial/ organisational psychology. Students will work in teams to carry out research exercises on specific topics in applied psychology. Topics to be covered will vary depending on the specific application of psychology. The focus will be on understanding the rationale, design, and interpretation of empirical research in the specific application. Target students are psychology majors who intend on a career in psychology or to pursue a postgraduate degree.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 0-1-2-5-2
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E, PL2131 and PL2132
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3285 Lab in Biological Psychology

Biological Psychology (cognitive neuroscience) is a fast-moving multidisciplinary and fundamental area at the cutting-edge of psychology research that involves psychology, neuroscience, medicine, statistics and physics. Students will be introduced to functional magnetic imaging (fMRI) and event-related potentials (ERP) as well as the underlying physiological processes, technical design issues and cutting-edge experiments. Students will then work in small groups to propose experimental designs. The best design will be selected and all students will help conduct the experiment at one of the local hospitals. Individual student groups will then independently process, analyse and interpret these data. Prior background in biological psychology is essential.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 0-1-2-5-2
Pre-requisite(s): PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132 and PL3232
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3286 Lab in Health Psychology

This module is designed to provide psychology majors with hands-on experience using research designs and methods commonly used in health psychology, including both questionnaire and experimental methods. Students will work in teams to carry out research exercises on specific topics in health psychology. Topics to be covered may include health attitudes, health behaviours, and psychophysiological responses to stress among others. The focus will be 0n understanding the rationale, design, and interpretation of empirical research in the specific application within health psychology. This module is particularly relevant for psychology majors interested in a career in psychology or who wish to pursue a postgraduate degree.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 0-1-2-5-2
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132 and PL3242
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3551 FASS Undergraduate Research Opportunity (UROP)

A UROP involves the student working with a supervisor, and usually in a team, on an existing research project. It has relevance to the student's Major, and involves the application of subject knowledge, methodology and theory in reflection upon the research project.

UROPs usually take place within FASS or ARI, though a few involve international partners. All are vetted and approved by the Major department. All are assessed.

UROPs can be proposed by supervisor or student, and require the approval of the Major department.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 0-0-0-8-2
Prerequisite(s): Students must: have declared a Major, completed a minimum of 24 MC in that Major, and have a CAP of at least 3.5.
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3880 Topics in Psychology

Topics not already covered by level-3000 modules can be taught under this module. The contents will vary from time to time, contingent upon the interests and expertise of the teaching staff.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 2-1-0-0-7
Prerequisite(s): Nil
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL3880C Alcohol, Drugs and Behaviour

The overarching objective of the class is to allow students to become knowledgeable about basic pharmacology and understand how neuro-pharmacology can lead to changes in behaviour. The teaching style will be lecture with discussion of relevant scientific studies from the animal and human literature. Major topics covered will be neurophysiology, neuropharmacology, effects of alcohol, cocaine, marijuana and nicotine on humans.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 2-1-0-2-5
Prerequisite(s): PL1101E
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL4202 History and Systems of Psychology

The course aims to provide students with an integrated overview of the development of modern psychology since around 1850. Special attention will be given to the emergence of biological, behavioural, cognitive and social theoretical approaches. The intention is to help students appreciate the paradigm changes that have taken place in the last 150 years, and thus also appreciate the strengths and weaknesses of current paradigms.

Modular Credits: 5
Workload: 0-3-0-3-6.5
Prerequisite(s): Completed a minimum of 80 MCs of which student must have passed PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132 and 4 out of the 5 core modules (PL3232 - PL3236).
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL4203 Cognition

This module introduces the student to the fundamental issues of cognitive science. Specifically, the main concern is how we might model cognition. The topics include the modes of representation, issues relating to the processing of information, and the nature of cognitive architectures. Both classical models of cognition and connectionist models will be considered. There will be several sessions of computer simulation of basic connectionist models. This course is mounted for students interested in how we might study how the mind works.

Modular Credits: 5
Workload: 0-3-0-2-7.5
Prerequisite(s): Completed a minimum of 80 MCs of which student must have passed PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132 and 4 out of the 5 core modules (PL3232 - PL3236), in which one must be PL3233.
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL4205 Developmental Processes

This course concerns development in infancy, childhood, adolescence and adulthood. It reviews in depth important cognitive, social and emotional changes during these phases, the theories of development that document these changes and the rich variety of research methodology that track these changes. Students will get a genuine understanding of how current information on human development contribute to, modify or challenge extant theories of development and how far developmental psychology has progressed in the last 50 years.

Modular Credits: 5
Workload: 0-3-0-2-7.5
Prerequisite(s): Completed a minimum of 80 MCs of which student must have passed PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132 and 4 out of the 5 core modules (PL3232 - PL3236) , in which one must be PL3234.
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL4206 Cognitive Neuroscience

This module introduces recent research findings in Cognitive Neuroscience - in particular, functional brain imaging (fMRI and ERP). We will explore whether brain imaging techniques have illuminated what each part of the brain actually does, and how these different parts interact functionally, before finally discussing recent applications of such findings. Two currently popular application areas are brain-machine/ computer interfaces (using brain-waves to directly control robotic devices) and creating new "sensory abilities" in those people who have sensory impairments (e.g., the blind or deaf). The style of the course will be an informal one, and the "lectures" should be treated more like seminars/ discussions. The emphasis will therefore rely heavily on preparation work outside the lectures that culminates in a fruitful debate during the lectures. To facilitate this style, several lectures will begin with students' critiques of research articles before "opening up the floor" for general discussion.

Modular Credits: 5
Workload: 0-3-0-1-8.5
Prerequisite(s): Completed a minimum of 80 MCs of which student must have passed PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132 and 4 out of the 5 core modules (PL3232 - PL3236), in which one must be PL3232 or PL3249.
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL4207 Social Psychology: Theories and Methods

This module deals with contemporary social psychology. Topics include cognitive and learning perspectives in social psychology, quantitative methods in social psychology, attitudes and attitude change, attribution and social perception, altruism and aggression, sex roles, interpersonal attraction, social influence, leadership and power, intergroup relations, and cultural psychology. In discussing these topics, illustrations are given of how research programmes are conducted in social psychology.

Modular Credits: 5
Workload: 0-3-0-2-7.5
Prerequisite(s): Completed a minimum of 80 MCs of which student must have passed PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132 and 4 out of the 5 core modules (PL3232 - PL3236), in which one must be PL3235.
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL4208 Introduction to Counselling Psychology

This course aims to provide students with an overview of the content area of counselling psychology. This is an introductory course that can serve as a foundation to specialised training in counselling assessment and interventions. Students will learn basic helping skills and interviewing techniques, receive didactic and experiential training applicable to human service related fields.

Modular Credits: 5
Workload: 0-3-0-3-6.5
Prerequisite(s): Completed a minimum of 80 MCs of which student must have passed PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132 and 4 out of the 5 core modules (PL3232 - PL3236), in which one must be PL3236.
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL4213 Cognitive Neuropsychology

Cognitive neuropsychologists analyse case-study data from brain-injured children and adults in order to develop and evaluate models of normal cognitive processes. This module provides an opportunity for students with core knowledge in cognitive psychology, to examine how patterns of impaired performance have informed models of bilingualism, speaking, listening, reading, writing, object recognition, face perception, memory and attention. Wherever possible, video-tapes of patients with these deficits will be used to supplement the main textbook and journal articles. The ensuing discussion will hold implications for rehabilitation, but the emphasis will be on theoretical and methodological issues in the field.

Modular Credits: 5
Workload: 0-3-0-2-7.5
Prerequisite(s): Completed a minimum of 80 MCs of which student must have passed PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132 and 4 out of the 5 core modules (PL3232 - PL3236), in which one must be PL3233.
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL4214 Evolutionary Psychology

The aim of this course is to give students an understanding of evolutionary theory and its implications for psychological theory. The idea that behaviour, like physical structure, is evolved in response to selection pressures carries implications for understanding phenomena in a range of diverse fields such as logical reasoning, altruism, competition, mate selection, aggressive behaviour, attachment and child maltreatment. Pitfalls and limitations in the speculative use of evolutionary explanations will be considered, and the way in which such explanations complement those couched in terms of psychological processes or mechanisms will be explored.

Modular Credits: 5
Workload: 0-3-0-3-6.5
Prerequisite(s): Completed a minimum of 80 MCs of which student must have passed PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132 and 4 out of the 5 core modules (PL3232 - PL3236).
Preclusion(s): UAS3006
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL4216 Personnel Selection

This module is primarily for psychology major students. The module covers the science and practice of personnel selection. The purpose of the module is to familiarise students with personnel selection research and heighten students' awareness of validity and utility issues that emerge in the practice of personnel selection. Topics covered include job analysis, theories and measurement of performance and individual difference characteristics, design of validation research, and evaluation of validation data.

Modular Credits: 5
Workload: 0-3-0-4-5.5
Pre-requisite(s): Completed a minimum of 80 MCs of which student must have passed PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132 and 4 out of the 5 core modules (PL3232 - PL3236).
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL4217 Cognitive Neuroscience of Communication

This module will discuss the language, facial, gestural and vocal channels of communication. Attention will be paid to the cognitive and brain mechanisms mediating the perception of emotional and linguistic messages from these channels, how these mechanisms develop in humans, how they compare to other species, and cases in which these mechanisms may be impaired (e.g., autism).

Modular Credits: 5
Workload: 0-3-0-0-9.5
Pre-requisite(s): Completed a minimum of 80 MCs of which student must have passed PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132 and 4 out of the 5 core modules (PL3232 - PL3236), in which one must be PL3232. Although useful, PL3235 is not critical for this module.
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL4218 Psychological Assessment

This module introduces the techniques of psychological assessment that are widely used by practising psychologists. Content will include the properties of assessment techniques; the context of assessment and its applications in a clinical setting; practical, social, and ethical considerations in assessment; and an introduction to the assessment of individual differences in intelligence, cognition and ability/ disability. Students will be exposed to some commonly used psychological tests. They will learn to follow the standardised rules of administration, how to use test manuals to interpret test scores, and how to construct a professional psychological report from their findings.

Modular Credits: 5
Workload: 0-3-0-0-9.5
Pre-requisite(s): Completed a minimum of 80 MCs of which student must have passed PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132 and 4 out of the 5 core modules (PL3232-PL3236), in which one must be PL3236.
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL4219 Advanced Abnormal Psychology

This course is an advanced course in Abnormal Psychology. It builds on the fundamental concepts introduced in PL3236, by focusing on some specific areas, e.g., mood, psychotic and anxiety disorders. The role of stress and emotion in psychopathology, and the treatment of these disorders, with drug therapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy will be considered. The student will be introduced to recent advancement in research and practice in these and other cognate domains. The focus of the seminars will be discussion of current basic and clinical research papers.

Modular Credits: 5
Workload: 0-3-0-0-9.5
Pre-requisite(s): Completed a minimum of 80 MCs of which student must have passed PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132 and 4 out of the 5 core modules (PL3232-PL3236), in which one must be PL3236.
Preclusion(s): PL4880A
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL4220 Human Psychophysiology

Psychophysiology aims to increase our understanding of mind-body interactions. This course covers the subdisciplines of psychophysiology, which includes electrodermal, cardiovascular and psychoneuroimmunology. Cognitive neuroscience will not covered as this is done elsewhere (e.g., PL3285 & PL4206). Psychophysiological research in health-related areas such as psychosomatic medicine, behavioural medicine and health psychology will be covered. Basic physiology, non-invasive data acquisition equipments, methodology and statistical analyses used by psychophysiologists will also be discussed.

Modular Credits: 5
Workload: 0-3-0-3-6.5
Pre-requisite(s): Completed a minimum of 80 MCs of which student must have passed PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132 and 4 out of the 5 core modules (PL3232-PL3236), in which one must be PL3232.
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL4221 Early Language Development

This module explores topics on language development in infants and young children: these topics include speech perception, development of phonology, syntax and morphology, vocabulary development, and bilingual language development. We will examine theoretical issues and research methods in these areas. Through the series of seminars which make up this module, we will read and discuss journal articles, with particular attention to current research. Students may benefit from taking PL3234 (Developmental Psychology) before this module.

Modular Credits: 5
Workload: 0-3-0-2-7.5
Pre-requisite(s): Completed a minimum of 80 MCs of which student must have passed PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132 and 4 out of the 5 core modules (PL3232-PL3236), in which one must be PL3234.
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL4222 Neuroscience of Memory

This module focuses on the neural underpinnings of memory. This course will cover the biological bases of the different memory systems and how these may interact with biological systems that support other cognitive functions like attention, language etc. Additionally, the various neuroscience methods that are used to study these will be discussed.

Modular Credits: 5
Workload: 0-3-0-0-9.5
Pre-requisite(s): Completed a minimum of 80 MCs of which student must have passed PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132, PL3232, PL3233 and at least 2 other core modules (PL3234-PL3236).
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL4223 Introduction to Clinical Neuropsychology

This module introduces advanced students to the field of neuropsychology in the medical environment. The work of neuropsychologists in hospitals is discussed with clinical case examples. Students are familiarised with basic concepts of clinical practice, case formulation, and ethical principles in working with hospital patients. They are also provided with site visit opportunities to increase their appreciation for the work of the helping professions among people with neurological impairment and psychosocial dysfunction.

Modular Credits: 5
Workload: 0-3-0-5-4.5
Pre-requisite(s): Completed a minimum of 80 MCs of which student must have passed PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132 and 4 out of the 5 core modules (PL3232-PL3236), in which one must be PL3236.
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL4224 Child Abnormal Psychology

This course is an advanced course in child abnormal psychology. It is intended to build a foundation of knowledge and concepts necessary in the specialised area of child clinical psychology, by focusing on theory, research and clinical application in the area of childhood psychological disorders. Theories that will be highlighted include developmental psychopathology, the diathesis-stress model and cultural diversity modules. Psychological disorders relevant to the following periods of development will be discussed: infancy/early childhood; school age; adolescence. The seminars will consist of lectures, as well as in-class, small-group discussion of current clinical topics and selected research papers.

Modular Credits: 5
Workload: 0-3-0-3-6.5
Pre-requisite(s): Completed a minimum of 80 MCs of which student must have passed PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132, and 4 out of the 5 core modules (PL3232-PL3236), in which one must be PL3236.
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL4225 Psychology of Gender

This course reviews historical and cultural perspectives of the psychology of gender. Various genetic, biological, and social determinants of gender differences in physical and sexual attributes, cognitive abilities, personality, and social behaviours are examined. Socialisation processes by way of parenting, play, school and media will be explored with regard to gender roles and stereotypes. Consequences of gender bias will be discussed in relation to individual development, education, vocation, media, and physical and mental health. New trends in gender relations, as well as gender conflicts and abuses of power such as battering, sexual assault, and sexual harassment will be explored.

Modular Credits: 5
Workload: 0-3-0-2-7.5
Pre-requisite(s): Completed a minimum of 80 MCs of which student must have passed PL1101E.
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL4226 Correctional Psychology

This course seeks to equip students with an understanding of criminal behaviour and the criminal justice agencies' response to offending in the local settings. Students will be introduced to psychological theories of criminal behaviours, psychopathology associated with offending, offender assessments, offender programming, re-entry initiatives, professional practice and research.

Modular Credits: 5
Workload: 0-3-0-0-9.5
Pre-requisite(s): Completed a minimum of 80 MCs of which student must have passed PL1101E, PL2131 and PL2132 and 4 out of the 5 core modules (PL3232-PL3236), in which one must be PL3236.
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL4401 Honours Thesis

Each student selects a topic for research and works under the supervision of a member of the teaching staff. The research work is presented as a thesis for examination. The Honours Thesis carries an equivalent weight of three modules and should be about 12,000 words. Please register PL4401 manually with the Department.

Modular Credits: 15
Workload: 0-0-0-37.5-0
Pre-requisite(s):
Cohort 2004 onwards: (1) Complete at least 100 MCs including 56 MCs of PL major requirements and (2) Obtain one of the following minimum standards at the point of registration (a) minimum CAP of 4.0 or (b) minimum SJAP of 4.0 and CAP of 3.5.
Preclusion(s): PL4660
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL4660 Independent Study

The Independent Study Module is designed to enable the student to explore an approved topic within the discipline in depth. The student should approach a lecturer to work out an agreed topic, readings, and assignments for the module. A formal, written agreement is to be drawn up, giving a clear account of the topic, programme of study, assignments, evaluation, and other pertinent details. Head's and/ or Honours Coordinator's approval of the written agreement is required. Regular meetings and reports are expected. Evaluation is based on 100% Continuous Assessment and must be worked out between the student and the lecturer prior to seeking departmental approval. Please register PL4660 manually with the Department.

Modular Credits: 5
Workload: 0-0-0-0-12.5
Pre-requisite(s): To be offered subject to the agreement of the Supervisor and Department. Complete at least 100 MCs including 56 MCs of major requirement and obtain a minimum CAP of 3.2.
Preclusion(s): PL4401
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL4880 Topics in Psychology

One or more topics not covered in other Honours modules can be periodically offered under this heading, depending upon the interests of students and staff.

Modular Credits: 5
Workload: 0-3-0-0-9.5
Pre-requisite(s): Nil
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL4880C Issues in Testing and Research

Every aspect of the scientific enterprise, from conception of a project to dissemination through the popular media, is fraught with conflict. This course will sensitise students to some of the concerns, including the role of funding agencies, publication decisions, measurement issues, null hypothesis significance testing, selective reporting of data, double blind studies, introspection, and philosophical challenges to scientific methodology. There will be discussion of potential problems of various research designs, including surveys, comparative research, and archival research.

Modular Credits: 5
Workload: 0-3-0-3-6.5
Pre-requisite(s): Completed a minimum of 80 MCs of which student must have passed PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132, and 4 out of the 5 core modules (PL3232-PL3236).
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL4880F Addictive Behaviours

This module introduces students to major contemporary perspectives on addictive behaviours. Topics to be covered include the aetiology, assessment, prevention, and treatment of substance-related and 'behavioural' (e.g., gambling, eating) addictions. Recent research and clinical advances in related areas such as behavioural genetics, dual diagnosis, contingency management, cognitive expectancy, and motivational enhancement will also be explored.

Modular Credits: 5
Workload: 0-3-0-2-7.5
Pre-requisite(s): Completed a minimum of 80 MCs of which student must have passed PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132, and 4 out of the 5 core modules (PL3232-PL3236), in which one must be PL3236.
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL5221 Analysis of Psychological Data Using GLM

This module addresses the use of the general linear for the analysis of psychological data including multiple regression and various forms of analysis of variance. Among the topics that may be covered are correlation and multiple regression, randomized groups analysis of variance, repeated measures analysis of variance, and mixed models. Emphasis will be placed on the development of skills through hands-on data analysis and interpretation.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 0-3-0-5-2
Pre-requisite(s): PL2101Y/PL2131 and PL2102Y/PL2132, or consent of instructor
Preclusion(s): PL5102/ PL6102
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL5222 Multivariate Statistics in Psychology

This module introduces students to the use of multivariate methods for the analysis of psychological data. Included among the methods to be covered may be canonical correlation, discriminant function analysis, multivariate analysis of variance, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modelling. Emphasis will be placed on the development of skills for multivariate data analysis through hands-on analysis and interpretation of datasets.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 0-3-0-5-2
Pre-requisite(s): PL2101Y/PL2131 and PL2102Y/PL2132, or consent of instructor
Preclusion(s): PL4204
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL5223 Psychometrics and Psychological Testing

The course is designed for students to acquire important scientific knowledge and practical professional skills in the areas of psychometrics and psychological testing. Topics covered include paradigms in psychological testing and research, conceptual bases of test construction, principles of reliability, validation strategies, factor analyses, and test fairness analyses.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 0-3-0-5-2
Pre-requisite(s): PL2101Y/PL2131 and PL2102Y/PL2132, or consent of instructor
Preclusion(s): PL4201
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL5225 Structural Equation Modeling

This module with introduce the ideas of structural equation modelling and its relationship to other current statistical models. Specifically, regression analysis, path analysis, confirmatory factor analysis will be formulated within the general framework of structural equation modelling. Advanced topics, such as ordinal data analysis, missing data, multiple-group analysis and latent growth models, will also be covered. After the course, students are expected to know how to conduct the analysis and interpret the results themselves.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 0-3-0-5-2
Pre-requisite(s): PL2101Y/PL2131, PL2102Y/PL2132 and PL5221, or consent of instructor
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil

	PL5226 Electroencephalography

Since its introduction in first half of the 20th century, electroencephalograpy (EEG) found extensive application in both clinical and research settings. As such it represents an important component of the methodological repertoire of clinical and experimental psychologist. Aim of this module is to provide students with an understanding of the neurophysical principles underlying EEG as well as the practical know-how to collect and analyse EEG data.

Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 1-1-1-5-2
Pre-requisite(s): PL1101E, PL2131, PL2132, PL3232 or upon approval by the lecturer
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil